publications([{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "Elsevier",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103261",
   "bibtype": "article",
   "title": "Congruent Indirect Touch vs. mouse pointing performance",
   "url": "https://hal.science/hal-04522270",
   "abstract": "We study Congruent Indirect Touch (CIT) interaction in a desktop context. CIT only differs from direct touch in that the motor and display spaces are separated: touch occurs on the horizontal desk; while users’ visual focus is on a vertical display where small pointers show the position of the fingers. We introduce an accurate fingertip tracking approach based on optical tracking and fingertip modeling as a sphere. This allows updating the pointer when the finger is hovering above the surface and implementing an efficient CIT interaction. This interaction was evaluated in a longitudinal user study. Six participants with no experience with CIT performed target acquisitions on eight different days. Throughput was measured with CIT and mouse. In the last session, two participants had similar throughput with both interactions; the four others were notably more efficient with CIT. Averaged across all participants, throughput improved by 14%. This study promotes the study of CIT as a potential efficient replacement for the mouse on the desktop.",
   "year": 2024,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B24a/",
   "id": 962,
   "volume": 187,
   "abbr": "B24a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2024-03-25",
   "type": "Revues internationales avec comité de lecture",
   "journal": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies",
   "type_publi": "irevcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3379337.3415893",
   "title": "GyroSuite: General-Purpose Interactions for Handheld Perspective Corrected Displays",
   "url": "https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02985961",
   "abstract": "Handheld Perspective-Corrected Displays (HPCDs) are physical objects that have a notable volume and that display a virtual 3D scene on their entire surface. Being handheld, they create the illusion of holding the scene in a physical container (the display). This has strong benefits for the intuitiveness of 3D interaction: manipulating objects of the virtual scene amounts to physical manipulations of the display. HPCDs have been limited so far to technical demonstrators and experimental tools to assess their merits. However, they show great potential as interactive systems for actual 3D applications. This requires that novel interactions be created to go beyond object manipulation and to offer general-purpose services such as menu command selection and continuous parameter control. Working with a two-handed spherical HPCD, we report on the design and informal evaluations of various interaction techniques for distant object selection, scene scaling, menu interaction and continuous parameter control. In particular, our design leverages the efficient two-handed control of the rotations of the display. We demonstrate how some of these techniques can be assemble in a self-contained anatomy learning application. Novice participants used the application in a qualitative user experiment. Most participants used the application effortlessly without any training or explanations.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Jocelyne",
         "last_name": "Troccaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2020,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/LTR+20a/",
   "pages": "1248-1260",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 921,
   "abbr": "LTR+20a",
   "address": "Minneapolis (Virtual Event), United States",
   "date": "2020-10-20",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "UIST 2020 - 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3399715.3399815",
   "title": "When High Fidelity Matters: AR and VR Improve the Learning of a 3D Object",
   "url": "https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02985937",
   "abstract": "Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments have long been seen as having strong potential for educational applications. However, research showing actual evidences of their benefits is sparse. Indeed , some recent studies point to unnoticeable benefits, or even a detrimental effect due to an increase of cognitive demand for the students when using these environments. In this work, we question if a clear benefit of AR and VR can be robustly measured for a specific education-related task: learning a 3D object. We ran a controlled study in which we compared three interaction techniques. Two techniques are VR-and AR-based; they offer a High Fidelity (HF) virtual reproduction of observing and manipulating physical objects. The third technique is based on a multi-touch tablet and was used as a baseline. We selected a task of 3D object learning as one potentially benefitting from the HF reproduction of object manipulation. The experiment results indicate that VR and AR HF techniques can have a substantial benefit for education as the object was recognized more than 27% faster when learnt using the HF techniques than when using the tablet.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Jocelyne",
         "last_name": "Troccaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Nady",
         "last_name": "Hoyek"
      },
      "5": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2020,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/LTR+20b/",
   "pages": "39:1-9",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 922,
   "abbr": "LTR+20b",
   "address": "Salerno, Italy",
   "date": "2020-09-28",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "AVI 2020 -International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343055.3359710",
   "title": "Is it Real? Measuring the Effect of Resolution, Latency, Frame rate and Jitter on the Presence of Virtual Entities",
   "abstract": "The feeling of presence of virtual entities is an important ob-\r\njective in virtual reality, teleconferencing, augmented reality,\r\nexposure therapy and video games. Presence creates emotional\r\ninvolvement and supports intuitive and efficient interactions.\r\nAs a feeling, presence is mostly measured via subjective ques-\r\ntionnaire, but its validity is disputed. We introduce a new\r\nmethod to measure the contribution of several technical pa-\r\nrameters toward presence. Its robustness stems from asking\r\nparticipant to rank contrasts rather than asking absolute val-\r\nues, and from the statistical analysis of repeated answers. We\r\nimplemented this method in a user study where virtual entities\r\nwere created with a handheld perspective corrected display.\r\nWe evaluated the impact on two virtual entities’ presence of\r\nfour important parameters of digital visual stimuli: resolu-\r\ntion, latency, frame rate and jitter. Results suggest that jitter\r\nand frame rate are critical for presence but not latency, and\r\nresolution depends on the explored entity.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "J.",
         "last_name": "Troccaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2019,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/LTR+19a/",
   "id": 872,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "editor": "ACM",
   "address": "[Deajon,] Republic of Korea",
   "date": "2019-11-10",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2019/iss_2019_camera_ready_id_1062.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "ISS ’19",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "abbr": "LTR+19a"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00114",
   "title": "A low-latency, high-precision handheld perspective corrected display",
   "url": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2018/ISMAR18_HPCD_demo_Berard.pdf",
   "booktitle": "Adjunct Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium for Mixed and Augmented Reality 2018",
   "year": 2018,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BL18a/",
   "id": 847,
   "note": "ISMAR 2018 best demo award",
   "abbr": "BL18a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      }
   },
   "date": "2018-10-16",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "397-398",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "bibtype": "article",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5368-2",
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CPB+18a/",
   "title": "Adaptation to visual feedback delays on touchscreens with hand vision",
   "url": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2018/EBR18_Cattan_AdaptDelay.pdf",
   "journal": "Experimental Brain Research",
   "year": 2018,
   "number": 12,
   "pages": "3191–3201",
   "volume": 236,
   "id": 826,
   "abbr": "CPB+18a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élie",
         "last_name": "Cattan"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Pascal",
         "last_name": "Perrier"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Silvain",
         "last_name": "Gerber"
      },
      "5": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      }
   },
   "date": "2018-09-06",
   "type": "Revues internationales avec comité de lecture",
   "abstract": "Direct touch finger interaction on a smartphone or a tablet is now ubiquitous. However, the latency inherent in digital computation produces an average feedback delay of ~75 ms between the action of the hand and its visible effect on digital content. This delay has been shown to affect users’ performance but it is unclear whether users adapt to this delay or whether it influences skill learning. Previous work studied adaptation to feedback delays but only for longer delays, with hidden hand or indirect devices. This paper addresses adaptation to touchscreen delay in two empirical studies involving the tracking of a target moving along an elliptical path. Participants were trained for the task either at the minimal delay the system allows (~9 ms) or at a longer delay equivalent to commercialized touch devices latencies (75 ms). After 10 training sessions over a minimum of two weeks (Experiment 1), participants adapt to the delay. They also display long-term retention seven weeks after the last training session. This adaptation generalized to a similar tracking path (e.g. infinity symbol). We also observed generalization of learning from the longer delay to the minimal delay condition (Experiment 2). The delay thus does not prevent the learning of tracking skill, which suggests that delay adaptation and tracking skill could be two separate components of learning.",
   "type_publi": "irevcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025806",
   "title": "The Object Inside: Assessing 3D Examination with a Spherical Handheld Perspective-Corrected Display",
   "url": "http://tripet.imag.fr/publs/2017/CHI17_Berard_HPCD.pdf",
   "abstract": "Handheld Perspective Corrected Displays (HPCDs) can create the feeling of holding a virtual 3D object. They offer a direct interaction that is isomorphic to the manipulation of physical objects. This illusion depends on the ability to provide a natural visuomotor coupling. High performances systems are thus required to evaluate the fundamental merits of HPCDs. We built a spherical HPCD using external projection. The system offers a lightweight wireless seamless display with head-coupled stereo, robust tracking, and low latency. We compared users’ performances with this HPCD and two other interactions that used a fixed planar display and either a touchpad or the spherical display as an indirect input. The task involved the inspection of complex virtual 3D puzzles. Physical puzzles were also tested as references. Contrary to expectations, all virtual interactions were found to be more efficient than a more “natural” physical puzzle. The HPCD yielded lower performances than the touchpad. This study indicates that the object examination task did not benefit from the accurate and precise rotations offered by the HPCD, but benefited from the high C/D gain of the touchpad.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      }
   },
   "year": 2017,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BL17a/",
   "pages": "4396-4404",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 789,
   "editor": "ACM",
   "address": "Denver, USA",
   "date": "2017-05-06",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2017/chi17-object_inside-berard.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
   "abbr": "BL17a"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3132272.3134124",
   "title": "Superiority of a Handheld Perspective-Coupled Display in Isomorphic Docking Performances",
   "url": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2017/iss17-superiority-louis.pdf",
   "abstract": "Six degrees of freedom docking is one of the most fundamental tasks when interacting with 3D virtual worlds. We investigated docking performances with isomorphic interactions that directly relate the 6-dof pose of the input device to that of the object controlled. In particular, we studied a Handheld Perspective-Coupled Display (HPCD); which is a novel form of interactive system where the display itself is handheld and used as the input device. It was compared to an opaque HMD and to a standard indirect flat display used with either a sphere or an articulated arm as the input device. A novel computation of an Index of Difficulty was introduced to measure the efficiency of each interaction. We observed superior performances with  the HPCD compared with the other interactions by a large margin (17% better than the closest interaction).",
   "year": 2017,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/LB17a/",
   "pages": "72-81",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 796,
   "abbr": "LB17a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Thibault",
         "last_name": "Louis"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2017-10-19",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2017/iss17-superiority-louis.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025585",
   "title": "Does Practice Make Perfect? Learning to Deal with Latency in Direct-Touch Interaction",
   "abstract": "Touch latency has been shown to deteriorate users' performances at levels as low as 25 ms, but this was tested only in short experimental sessions. Real life usage of touchscreens covers much longer periods. It provides training which could lead to reduce the impact of latency.\r\n\r\nWe investigate users' ability to compensate for touch latency with training. Two groups of participants were trained on a tracking task during ten different days over two weeks with either high or low latency. The gap of performances between the two groups, observed at the beginning of the experiment, was reduced by 54 % after training. Users can thus compensate for latency, at least partially. These results nuance the negative effects of touch latency reported in previous work. They suggest that long-term studies could provide better insights on users' behaviors when dealing with touch latency.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élie",
         "last_name": "Cattan"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Pascal",
         "last_name": "Perrier"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2017,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CRP+17a/",
   "pages": "5619-5629",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 784,
   "abbr": "CRP+17a",
   "address": "Denver, USA",
   "date": "2017-05-30",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2992154.2992160",
   "title": "Effect of Touch Latency on Elementary vs. Bimanual Composite Tasks",
   "abstract": "Touch latency has been shown to reduce users' performances but most studies focus on one-handed elementary tasks such as pointing or tracking a single object. The everyday use of touch devices is made, however, of more complex \"composite\" tasks combining several objects with potential bimanual interaction. Such a composite task may increase users' cognitive load which makes latency less perceivable. We thus expected that the impact of latency on users' performances should be smaller in composite tasks than in elementary tasks.\r\n\r\nWe tested this hypothesis by comparing the degradation effect of latency on users' performances in an elementary vs. a composite task. The elementary task consisted in positioning a single object. The composite task involved sorting and positioning objects with a two-handed interaction, inducing more complex planning and motor strategies that could be seen as an additional cognitive load. Contrary to expectations, the degradation effect was comparable in the two tasks. This study indicates that the substantial hindrance of latency, demonstrated on elementary tasks, also exists in more complex tasks that better represent the every day use of touch devices. This strengthens the motivation to question the interaction between the task properties and latency effect and to adapt commercial devices and applications accordingly.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élie",
         "last_name": "Cattan"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2016,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CRB16a/",
   "pages": "103-108",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 773,
   "abbr": "CRB16a",
   "address": "Niagara Falls, Canada",
   "date": "2016-11-07",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2016/iss115-cattan.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702359",
   "title": "The Transfer of Learning as HCI Similarity: Towards an Objective Assessment of the Sensory-Motor Basis of Naturalness",
   "url": "http://brouet.imag.fr/fberard/Research/CHI15",
   "abstract": "Human-computer interaction should be natural. However, the notion of natural is questioned due to a lack of theoretical background and methods to objectively measure the naturalness of a HCI. A frequently cited aspect of natural HCIs is their ability to benefit from knowledge and skills that users develop in their interaction with the real (non-digital) world. Among these skills, sensory-motor abilities are essential to operate many HCIs. This suggests that the transfer of these abilities between physical and digital interactions could be used as an experimental tool to assess the sensory-motor similarity between interactions, and could be considered as an objective measurement of the sensory-motor grounding of naturalness.\r\nIn this framework, we introduce a new experimental paradigm inspired by motor learning research to assess sensory-motor similarity, as revealed by the transfer of learning. We tested this paradigm in an empirical study to question the naturalness of three HCIs: direct-touch, mouse pointing and absolute indirect-touch. The study revealed how skill learning transfers from these three digital interactions towards an equivalent physical interaction. We observed strong transfer of skill between direct-touch and physical interaction, but no transfer from the other two interactions. This work provides a first objective assessment of the sensory-motor basis of direct-touch naturalness, and a new empirical path to question HCI similarity and naturalness.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      }
   },
   "year": 2015,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BR15a/",
   "pages": "1315-1324",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 715,
   "abbr": "BR15a",
   "address": "Seoul, Republic of Korea",
   "date": "2015-02-06",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2015/CHI15_Berard_Transfer_Learning.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the international conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI 2015)",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2817721.2817747",
   "title": "A Predictive Approach for an End-to-End Touch-Latency Measurement",
   "abstract": "With direct-touch interaction, users are sensitive to very low levels of latency, in the order of a few milliseconds. Assessing the end-to-end latency of a system is thus becoming an important part of touch-devices evaluation, and this must be precise and accurate. However, current latency estimation techniques are either imprecise, or they require complex setups involving external devices such as high-speed cameras.\r\n\r\nIn this paper, we introduce and evaluate a novel method that does not require any external equipment and can be implemented with minimal efforts. The method is based on short-term prediction of the finger movement. The latency estimation is obtained on the basis of user calibration of the prediction to fully compensate the lag. In a user study, we show that the technique is more precise than a similar \"low overhead'' approach that was recently presented.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élie",
         "last_name": "Cattan"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2015,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CRB15a/",
   "pages": "215-218",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 743,
   "abbr": "CRB15a",
   "address": "Madeira, Portugal",
   "date": "2015-11-16",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2015/ITS15_pred.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2817721.2817736",
   "title": "Reducing Latency with a Continuous Prediction: Effects on Users' Performance in Direct-Touch Target Acquisitions",
   "abstract": "Latency in direct-touch systems creates a spatial gap between the finger and the digital object when dragging. This breaks the illusion of presence, and has a negative effect on users' performances in common tasks such as target acquisitions. Latency can be reduced with faster hardware, but reaching imperceptible levels of latency with a hardware-only approach is a difficult challenge and an energy inefficient solution.\r\n\r\nWe studied the use of a continuous prediction of the touch location as an alternative to the hardware only approach to reduce the latency gap. We implemented a low latency touch surface and experimented with a constant speed linear prediction with various system latencies in the range [25ms-75ms]. We ran a user experiment to objectively assess the benefits of the prediction on users' performances in target acquisition tasks. Our study reveals that the prediction length is strongly constrained by the nature of target acquisition tasks, but that the approach can be successfully applied to counteract a large part of the negative effect of latency on users' performances.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élie",
         "last_name": "Cattan"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Pascal",
         "last_name": "Perrier"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "year": 2015,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CRP+15a/",
   "pages": "205-214",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 742,
   "abbr": "CRP+15a",
   "address": "Madeira, Portugal",
   "date": "2015-11-16",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2015/ITS15_prediction.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2820619.2820633",
   "title": "Study of the Effect of the Directness of the Interaction on Novice Users When Drawing Straight Lines",
   "abstract": "Pen-enabled devices are widely used in computer graphics.\r\nSome artists use direct devices (interactive pen displays) whereas others use indirect devices (graphics tablets) and this applies to both professionals and hobbyists.\r\nIn this paper we studied how indirect pen-enabled devices affect drawing performance compared to their direct counter-parts for novice users. We also studied the influence of gain for indirect pen-enabled devices. We considered no gain (i.e. C/D=1), a homogenous gain (gain=2 on both the x and y axes) and a heterogenous gain (gain=2 on the x axis and gain=1 on the y axis).\r\nResults indicate that drawing performance and quality decreased with indirectness and with both homogeneous and heterogeneous gains. In addition, we conducted a qualitative study showing that participants preferred direct devices.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élisabeth",
         "last_name": "Rousset"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Michael",
         "last_name": "Ortega"
      }
   },
   "year": 2015,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/RBO15a/",
   "pages": "14:1--14:7",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 745,
   "abbr": "RBO15a",
   "address": "Toulouse, France",
   "date": "2015-10-22",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2015/drawinglines.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "IHM'15"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2598153.2598183",
   "title": "Two-Finger 3D Rotations for Novice Users: Surjective and Integral Interactions",
   "abstract": "Now that 3D interaction is available on tablets and smart phones, it becomes critical to provide efficient 3D interaction techniques for novice users. This paper investigates interaction techniques for 3D rotation with two fingers of a single hand, on multitouch mobile devices.\r\nWe introduce two new rotation techniques that allow integral control of the 3 axes of rotation. These techniques also satisfy a new criterion that we introduce: surjection. We ran a study to compare the new techniques with two widely used rotation techniques from the literature. Results indicate that surjection and integration lead to a performance improvement of a group of participants who had no prior experience in 3D interaction. Qualitative results also indicate participants’ preference for the new interaction techniques.\r\n",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Élisabeth",
         "last_name": "Rousset"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Michael",
         "last_name": "Ortega"
      }
   },
   "year": 2014,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/RBO14a/",
   "pages": "217-224",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 688,
   "abbr": "RBO14a",
   "address": "Como, Italy",
   "date": "2014-06-06",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2014/AVI14-RoussetBerardOrtega_2Finger3DRotations.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Conference Proceedings of ACM-Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI 2014)",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2512349.2512796",
   "title": "Two Touch System Latency Estimators: High Accuracy and Low Overhead",
   "url": "http://brouet.imag.fr/fberard/Research/ITS13",
   "abstract": "The end-to-end latency of interactive systems is well known to degrade user’s performance. Touch systems exhibit notable amount of latencies, but it is seldom characterized, probably because latency estimation is a difficult and time consuming undertaking. In this paper, we introduce two novel approaches to estimate the latency of touch systems. Both approaches require an operator to slide a finger on the touch surface, and provide automatic processing of the recorded data.\r\n\r\nThe High Accuracy (HA) approach requires an external camera and careful calibration, but provides a large sample set of accurate latency estimations. The Low Overhead (LO) approach, while not offering as much accuracy as the HA approach, does not require any additional equipment and is implemented in a few lines of code. In a set of experiments, we show that the HA approach can generate a highly detailed picture of the latency distribution of the system, and that the LO approach provides average latency estimates no further than 4 ms from the HA estimate.\r\n",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Renaud",
         "last_name": "Blanch"
      }
   },
   "year": 2013,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BB13a/",
   "pages": "241-250",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 647,
   "abbr": "BB13a",
   "address": "St Andrews, Scotland, UK",
   "date": "2013-10-07",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2013/ITS13_Berard_LatencyEstimators.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS 2013)"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2468356.2468578",
   "title": "Overcoming Limitations of the Trackpad for 3D Docking Operations",
   "abstract": "From notebook trackpads to mobile phones to tabletop surface computing, multitouch input surfaces have become one of the most dominant interfaces for human-computer interaction. Although these are clearly effective for interaction with 2D graphical user interfaces, we suspect that they are not as well suited for interaction requiring greater degrees of freedom (DoF). Here, we consider the possibility of exploiting two such surfaces, one for each hand, as a means of affording efficient control over higher dimensional tasks. We investigate performance on a 6 DoF task, comparing such a two-surface multitouch input device against the results obtained using a standard 2D mouse, a single multitouch surface, and a 6 DoF free-space device. Our results indicate that two multitouch surfaces significantly improve user performance compared to the mouse and to a single surface.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "David",
         "last_name": "Glesser"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Jeremy R.",
         "last_name": "Cooperstock"
      }
   },
   "year": 2013,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/GBC13a/",
   "pages": "1239-1244 ",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 630,
   "abbr": "GBC13a",
   "address": "New York, NY, USA",
   "date": "2013-04-27",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2013/CHI13_Glesser_MagicCube.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2396636.2396664",
   "title": "Measuring the Linear and Rotational User Precision in Touch Pointing",
   "url": "http://brouet.imag.fr/fberard/Research/ITS12",
   "abstract": "This paper addresses the limit of user precision in pointing to a target when the finger is already in contact with a touch surface. User precision was measured for linear and rotational pointing. We developed a novel experimental protocol that improves the estimation of user's precision as compare to previous protocols. Our protocol depends on high-resolution measurements of finger motions. This was achieved by the means of two optical finger trackers specially developed for this study. The trackers provide stable and precise measurements of finger translations and rotations. We used them in two user experiments that revealed that (a) user's precision for linear pointing is about 150dpi or 0.17mm, and (b) user can reliably point at sectors as narrow as 2.76 degrees in 2s in rotational pointing. Our results provide new information for the optimization of interactions and sensing devices that involve finger pointing on a surface.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Amélie",
         "last_name": "Rochet-Capellan"
      }
   },
   "year": 2012,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BR12a/",
   "pages": "183-192",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 605,
   "abbr": "BR12a",
   "address": "New York, NY, USA",
   "date": "2012-09-21",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2012/ITS12_Berard_TouchResolution.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "ACM Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS)",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "Springer",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "On the Limits of the Human Motor Control Precision: the Search for a Device's Human Resolution",
   "url": "http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7v183m86p1n15t0/",
   "abstract": "Input devices are often evaluated in terms of their throughput, as measured by Fitts' Law, and by their resolution. However, little effort has been made to understand the limit of resolution that is controllable or \"usable\" by the human using the device. What is the point of a 5000 dpi computer mouse if the human motor control system is far from being able to achieve this level of precision? This paper introduces the concept of a Device's Human Resolution (DHR): the smallest target size that users can acquire with an ordinary amount of effort using one particular device. We report on our attempt to find the DHR through a target acquisition experiment involving very small target sizes. Three devices were tested: a gaming mouse (5700 dpi), a PHANTOM (450 dpi), and a free-space device (85 dpi). The results indicate a decrease in target acquisition performance that is not predicted by Fitts' Law when target sizes become smaller than certain levels. In addition, the experiment shows that the actual achievable resolution varies greatly depending on the input device used, hence the need to include the \"device\" in the definition of DHR.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Guangyu",
         "last_name": "Wang"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Jeremy R.",
         "last_name": "Cooperstock"
      }
   },
   "year": 2011,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BWC11a/",
   "pages": "107-122",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 568,
   "abbr": "BWC11a",
   "address": "Berlin, Heidelberg",
   "date": "2011-09-29",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2011/INTERACT11_berard_threshold.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2011, part II"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Pop-up Depth Views for Improving 3D Target Acquisition",
   "url": "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1992925",
   "abstract": "We present the design and experimental evaluation of pop-up depth views, a novel interaction technique for aiding in the placement or positioning of a 3D cursor or object. Previous work found that in a 3D placement task, a 2D mouse used with multiple orthographic views outperformed a 3D input device used with a perspective view with stereo. This was the case, even though the mouse required two clicks to complete the task instead of only the single click required with the 3D input device. We improve performance with 3D input devices with pop-up depth views, small inset views in a perspective display of the scene. These provide top- and side-views of the immediate 3D neighborhood of the cursor, thereby allowing the user to see more easily along the depth dimension, improving the user's effective depth acuity. In turn, positioning with the 3D input device is also improved. Furthermore, because the depth views are displayed near the 3D cursor, only tiny eye movements are required for the user to perceive the 3D cursor's depth with respect to nearby objects. Pop-up depth views are a kind of depth view, only displayed when the user's cursor slows down. In this manner, they do not occlude the 3D scene when the user is moving quickly. Our experimental evaluation shows that the combination of a 3D input device used with a perspective view, stereo projection, and pop-up depth views, outperforms a 2D mouse in a 3D target acquisition task, in terms of both movement time and throughput, but at the cost of a slightly higher error rate.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Guangyu",
         "last_name": "Wang"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Michael J.",
         "last_name": "McGuffin"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Jeremy R.",
         "last_name": "Cooperstock"
      }
   },
   "year": 2011,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/WMB+11a/",
   "pages": "41-48",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 539,
   "abbr": "WMB+11a",
   "address": "School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada",
   "date": "2011-05-25",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2011/GI2011_Wang_3DPopUp.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "GI '11: Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Did “Minority Report” Get it Wrong? Superiority of the Mouse over 3D Input in a 3D Placement Task",
   "abstract": "Numerous devices have been invented with three or more degrees of freedom (DoF) to compensate for the assumed limitations of the 2 DoF mouse in the execution of 3D tasks. Nevertheless, the mouse remains the dominant input device in desktop 3D applications, which leads us to pose the following question: is the dominance of the mouse due simply to its widespread availability and long-term user habituation, or is the mouse, in fact, more suitable than dedicated 3D input devices to an important subset of 3D tasks? In the two studies reported in this paper, we measured performance efficiency of a group of subjects in accomplishing a 3D placement task and also observed physiological indicators through biosignal measurements. Subjects used both a standard 2D mouse and three other 3 DoF input devices. Much to our surprise, the standard 2D mouse outperformed the 3D input devices in both studies.",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Jessica",
         "last_name": "Ip"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Mitchel",
         "last_name": "Benovoy"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Dalia",
         "last_name": "El-Shimy"
      },
      "5": {
         "first_name": "Jeffrey R.",
         "last_name": "Blum"
      },
      "6": {
         "first_name": "Jeremy R.",
         "last_name": "Cooperstock"
      }
   },
   "year": 2009,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BIB+09a/",
   "pages": "400--414",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 450,
   "abbr": "BIB+09a",
   "address": "Berlin, Heidelberg",
   "date": "2009-08-24",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2009/INTERACT09_Berard.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "booktitle": "Conference Proceedings of INTERACT ’09, the Twelfth IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer LNCS (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)"
},
{
   "lang": "en",
   "publisher": "ACM",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1731903.1731905",
   "title": "Single User MultiTouch on the DiamondTouch: From 2×1D to 2D",
   "url": "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1731903.1731905",
   "journal": "Actes de la Conférence Internationale Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (TableTop'2009)",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Yann",
         "last_name": "Laurillau"
      }
   },
   "year": 2009,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BL09a/",
   "pages": "1--8",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "id": 488,
   "abbr": "BL09a",
   "address": "New York, NY, USA",
   "date": "2009-09-16",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "abstract": "The DiamondTouch is a widely used multi-touch surface that offers high quality touch detection and user identification. But its underlying detection mechanism relies on two 1D projections (x and y) of the 2D surface. This creates ambiguous responses when a single user exercises multiple contacts on the surface and limits the ability of the DiamondTouch to provide full support of common multi-touch interactions such as the unconstrained translation, rotation and scaling of objects with two fingers. This paper presents our solution to reduce this limitation. Our approach is based on a precise modeling, using mixtures of Gaussians, of the touch responses on each array of antennas. This greatly reduces the shadowing of the touch locations when two or more fingers align with each other. We use these accurate touch detections to implement two 1D touch trackers and a global 2D tracker. The evaluation of our system shows that, in many situations, it can provide the complete 2D locations of at least two contacts points from the same user.",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2009/ITS2009_Berard_DTMultiTouch_.pdf"
},
{
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "User-Centric Design of a Vision System for Interactive Applications",
   "booktitle": "IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Systems (ICVS 06)",
   "year": 2006,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BCL+06a/",
   "note": "9 pages",
   "abbr": "BCL+06a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Stanislaw",
         "last_name": "Borkowski"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Julien",
         "last_name": "Letessier"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2006-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2006/ICVS06_UserCentricVisionToolkit.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "id": 64
},
{
   "bibtype": "techreport",
   "type_publi": "rapport",
   "title": "The GML canvas: Aiming at Ease of Use, Compactness and Flexibility in a Graphical Toolkit",
   "year": 2006,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B06b/",
   "note": "Technical Report. 15 pages.",
   "abbr": "B06b",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2006-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2006/TR200601_GMLCanvas.pdf",
   "type": "Rapports internes non publiés par ailleurs, rapports de fin de contrat",
   "id": 75
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Back to Paper: A Technique for Browsing Multimedia Information by Pointing on Handwritten Notes",
   "url": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2005/PERVASIVE05_PaperBrowsing_CakmakciBerard.pdf",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the third international conference on Pervasive Computing (PERVASIVE'05), Munich, Germany",
   "year": 2005,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CB05a/",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CB05a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Ozan",
         "last_name": "Cakmakci"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2005-01-01",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "id": 95
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Visual tracking of bare fingers for interactive surfaces",
   "url": "http://brouet.imag.fr/fberard/Research/UIST04",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology",
   "year": 2004,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/LB04a/",
   "id": 115,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "LB04a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Julien",
         "last_name": "Letessier"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2004-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2004/UIST04_FingerTracking_Letessier.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "119-122"
},
{
   "type_publi": "autre",
   "title": "The Magic Table: Computer-Vision Based Augmentation of a Whiteboard for Creative Meetings",
   "booktitle": "IEEE Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems (PROCAM)",
   "year": 2003,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B03a/",
   "bibtype": "unpublished",
   "abbr": "B03a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2003-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2003/PROCAM03_MagicTable_Berard.pdf",
   "type": "Autres publications",
   "id": 155
},
{
   "bibtype": "article",
   "type_publi": "revcomlec",
   "title": "Quand les surfaces deviennent interactives",
   "journal": "Les cahiers du numérique",
   "year": 2002,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CLB+02a/",
   "id": 159,
   "note": "Vol 3, Numéro 4",
   "abbr": "CLB+02a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Christophe",
         "last_name": "Lachenal"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Nicolas",
         "last_name": "Barralon"
      }
   },
   "date": "2002-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2002/LCN02_SurfacesInteractives.pdf",
   "type": "Revues nationales avec comité de lecture",
   "pages": "101-126"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Bare-Hand Human-Computer Interaction",
   "booktitle": "PUI2001, Orlando, XX",
   "year": 2001,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BH01a/",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "BH01a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "C.",
         "last_name": "Hardenberg"
      }
   },
   "date": "2001-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2001/PUI01_Hardenberg.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "id": 201
},
{
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "title": "Equipe Ingénierie de l'Interaction Homme-Machine",
   "booktitle": "IHM-HCI2001",
   "year": 2001,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CNC+01a/",
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CNC+01a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Laurence",
         "last_name": "Nigay"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Gaëlle",
         "last_name": "Calvary"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2001-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2001/IHMHCICoutazNigay01.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "id": 206
},
{
   "type_publi": "diffusion",
   "title": "Augmentation d'un tableau blanc par des techniques de Vision par Ordinateur",
   "booktitle": "Conférence ASTI'01",
   "year": 2001,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BLP01a/",
   "bibtype": "misc",
   "abbr": "BLP01a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Yann",
         "last_name": "Laurillau"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "A.",
         "last_name": "Pentland"
      }
   },
   "date": "2001-01-01",
   "type": "Diffusion de la connaissance, vulgarisation scientifique",
   "id": 208
},
{
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "title": "Le Tableau Magique",
   "booktitle": "Actes ERGO-IHM2000, Biarritz  CRT ILS&ESTIA Ed",
   "year": 2000,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BCC00a/",
   "id": 226,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "BCC00a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "2000-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2000/IHM2K_Berard.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "33-40"
},
{
   "type_publi": "revcomlec",
   "title": "Things that See",
   "journal": "Communication of the ACM, Vol 43 (3)",
   "year": 2000,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CCB00a/",
   "id": 218,
   "bibtype": "article",
   "abbr": "CCB00a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2000-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2000/CACM00_ThingsThatSee.pdf",
   "type": "Revues nationales avec comité de lecture",
   "pages": "54-64"
},
{
   "volume": 33,
   "type_publi": "revcomlec",
   "title": "LAFTER: a real-time face and lips tracker with facial expression recognition",
   "bibtype": "article",
   "journal": "Journal of Pattern Recognition",
   "year": 2000,
   "number": 8,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/OPB00a/",
   "note": "Honorable Mention winner of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Pattern Recognition Society Award",
   "id": 219,
   "abbr": "OPB00a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "N.",
         "last_name": "Oliver"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "A.",
         "last_name": "Pentland"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "2000-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/2000/PR00_LAFTER.pdf",
   "type": "Revues nationales avec comité de lecture",
   "pages": "1369-1382"
},
{
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "The Perceptual Window: Head Motion as a new Input Stream",
   "booktitle": "Proc. Interact99, Edinburgh, A. Sasse &; C. Johnson Eds, IFIP IOS Press Publ",
   "year": 1999,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B99a/",
   "note": "238 pages.",
   "abbr": "B99a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "1999-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1999/INTERACT99_PWindow.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "id": 252
},
{
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "title": "Capture d’Inscriptions pour la Réalité Augmentée",
   "booktitle": "Actes IHM99,  Montpellierr, Cepadues Publ",
   "year": 1999,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/TBC99a/",
   "id": 256,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "TBC99a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "David",
         "last_name": "Thevenin"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      }
   },
   "date": "1999-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1999/IHM99_BoardCleanup.Fr.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "174-181"
},
{
   "bibtype": "phdthesis",
   "type_publi": "these",
   "title": "Vision par Ordinateur pour l’Interaction Homme-Machine Fortement Couplée",
   "year": 1999,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B99b/",
   "note": "Thèse de doctorat Informatique préparée au Laboratoire de Communication Langagière et Interaction Personne-Système (IMAG), Université Joseph Fourier 200 pages.",
   "abbr": "B99b",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "1999-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1999/THESE1999_Berard.pdf",
   "type": "Thèses et habilitations",
   "id": 269
},
{
   "type_publi": "colloque",
   "title": "Using Computer Vision to Support Awareness and Privacy in Mediaspaces",
   "booktitle": "CHI99 Extended Abstracts Proc., ACM publ.",
   "year": 1999,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CCB+99a/",
   "id": 250,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CCB+99a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Eric",
         "last_name": "Carraux"
      },
      "5": {
         "first_name": "William",
         "last_name": "Astier"
      }
   },
   "date": "1999-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1999/CHI99_CoMedi_Video.pdf",
   "type": "Autres conférences et colloques avec actes",
   "pages": "13-14"
},
{
   "publisher": "CLIPS Technical Reports",
   "type_publi": "rapport",
   "title": "A study on Two-Dimensional Scrolling with Head Motion",
   "bibtype": "techreport",
   "year": 1999,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/B99c/",
   "id": 609,
   "note": "TR-IMAG-CLIPS-IIHM-199901",
   "abbr": "B99c",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "1999-01-08",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1999/TR199901_PWindowRate.pdf",
   "type": "Rapports internes non publiés par ailleurs, rapports de fin de contrat",
   "pages": "5"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Early Experience with the Mediaspace CoMedi",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of Engineering Human Computer Interaction, EHCI’98, Héraklion, Kluver Academics Publ",
   "year": 1998,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CBC+98a/",
   "id": 275,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CBC+98a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Eric",
         "last_name": "Carraux"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1998-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1998/EHCI98_CoMedi.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "57-72"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "The Digital Office: Overview",
   "booktitle": "AAAI Spring Symposium on Intelligent Environments, Stanford, California",
   "year": 1998,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BBJ+98a/",
   "id": 277,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "BBJ+98a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "M.",
         "last_name": "Black"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "A.",
         "last_name": "Jepson"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "W.",
         "last_name": "Newman"
      },
      "5": {
         "first_name": "E.",
         "last_name": "Saund"
      },
      "6": {
         "first_name": "G.",
         "last_name": "Socher"
      },
      "7": {
         "first_name": "M.",
         "last_name": "Taylor"
      }
   },
   "date": "1998-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1998/AAAI98_DigitalOffice.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "1-6"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Eigen space Coding as a Means to Support Privacy in Computer Mediated Communication",
   "booktitle": "Proceedings of INTERACT’97, Sydney",
   "year": 1997,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CBC97a/",
   "id": 287,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CBC97a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1997-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1997/INTERACT97_ESK.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "532-538"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Multimodal Tracking of Faces for Video Communication",
   "booktitle": "Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition conference (CVPR’97), IEEE Press Publ",
   "year": 1997,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CB97a/",
   "id": 288,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CB97a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "1997-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1997/CVPR97_MMTracking.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "640-645"
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "LAFTER, Lips and Face Real Time Tracker",
   "booktitle": "Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition conference (CVPR’97), IEEE Press Publ",
   "year": 1997,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/OPB97a/",
   "id": 289,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "OPB97a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "N.",
         "last_name": "Oliver"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "A.",
         "last_name": "Pentland"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      }
   },
   "date": "1997-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1997/CVPR97_LAFTER.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "123-129"
},
{
   "type_publi": "diffusion",
   "title": "Robust Computer Vision for Computer Mediated Communication",
   "booktitle": "Proc. Interact’97, Sydney, Chapman&Hall eds ",
   "year": 1997,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BCC97a/",
   "id": 297,
   "bibtype": "misc",
   "abbr": "BCC97a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1997-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1997/Interact97_Berard",
   "type": "Diffusion de la connaissance, vulgarisation scientifique",
   "pages": "581-582"
},
{
   "type_publi": "autre",
   "title": "Awareness As an Extended Notion of Observability",
   "booktitle": "CHI’97 workshop on \"Awareness in Collaborative Systems\", Atlanta",
   "year": 1997,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BC97a/",
   "bibtype": "unpublished",
   "abbr": "BC97a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      }
   },
   "date": "1997-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1997/CHI97.AwarenessWorkshop",
   "type": "Autres publications",
   "id": 300
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Coordination of Perceptual Processes for Computer Mediated Communication",
   "booktitle": "Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, FG’96,  IEEE Computer Society Press Publ",
   "year": 1996,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CBC96a/",
   "id": 314,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CBC96a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1996-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1996/FG96_Comedi.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "106-111"
},
{
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "title": "Coopération de techniques sensorielles pour une interaction écologique",
   "booktitle": "Proc. IHM’96, 8èmes Journées de l’Ingénierie de l’Interaction Homme-Machine, Grenoble, CEPADUES Publ",
   "year": 1996,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BCC96a/",
   "id": 317,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "BCC96a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1996-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1996/IHM96_Comedi.Fr.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "79-84"
},
{
   "bibtype": "techreport",
   "type_publi": "rapport",
   "title": "LAFTER: Lips and Face Tracker",
   "year": 1996,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/OPB+96a/",
   "note": "Research Report. Report TR#393. http://www-white.media.mit.edu/vismod/cgi-bin/tr_pagemaker ",
   "abbr": "OPB+96a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "N.",
         "last_name": "Oliver"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "A.",
         "last_name": "Pentland"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "4": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      }
   },
   "date": "1996-01-01",
   "type": "Rapports internes non publiés par ailleurs, rapports de fin de contrat",
   "id": 328
},
{
   "type_publi": "icolcomlec",
   "title": "Finger Tracking as an Input Device for Augmented Reality",
   "booktitle": "International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, FG’95, IEEE Computer Society Press, Zurich",
   "year": 1995,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/CBC95a/",
   "id": 336,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "CBC95a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      }
   },
   "date": "1995-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1995/AFGR95_FingerTracking.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences internationales de large diffusion avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "195-200"
},
{
   "type_publi": "colcomlec",
   "title": "Suivi du doigt et vision par ordinateur : application au bureau digital",
   "booktitle": "Actes de la conférence IHM’94, Lille",
   "year": 1994,
   "uri": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publication/BCC94a/",
   "id": 363,
   "bibtype": "inproceedings",
   "abbr": "BCC94a",
   "authors": {
      "1": {
         "first_name": "François",
         "last_name": "Bérard"
      },
      "2": {
         "first_name": "Joëlle",
         "last_name": "Coutaz"
      },
      "3": {
         "first_name": "James",
         "last_name": "Crowley"
      }
   },
   "date": "1994-01-01",
   "document": "http://iihm.imag.fr/publs/1994/IHM94_FingerPaint.Fr.pdf",
   "type": "Conférences nationales avec comité de lecture sur texte complet",
   "pages": "95-100"
}]);